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AADHAAR-VOTER ID LINKAGE

AADHAAR-VOTER ID LINKAGE

Why in News?

Recently, the Election Commission (EC) started a campaign to promote the linkage of Voter ID and Aadhaar.

Further, Government officials have asked individuals to link them Aadhaar with their Voter IDs and failure to link voter ID with Aadhar could lead to the cancellation of their Voter ID card.

Reasons for Linking Voter ID with Aadhar

• Update Database: The linking project would help the Election Commission, which conducts regular exercises to maintain an updated and accurate record of the voter base.
• Remove Duplication: To weed out duplication of voters, such as migrant workers who may have been registered more than once on the electoral rolls in different constituencies or for persons registered multiple times within the same constituency.
• Pan India voter ID: As per the government, linkage of Aadhaar with voter IDs will assist in ensuring that only one Voter ID is issued per citizen of India.

Importance of Linkage

• Universal coverage: At the end of 2021, 99.7% of the adult Indian population had an Aadhaar card. This coverage exceeds that of any other officially valid document such as driver’s licence, ration cards, PAN cards etc that are mostly applied for specific purposes.
• Reliable & Cost Effective: Since Aadhaar allows for biometric authentication, Aadhaar-based authentication and verification are considered more reliable, quicker and cost-efficient when compared to other IDs.

Issues Related to Linking Aadhar with Voter ID

• Unclear Constitutional Status: In the Puttaswamy case(Right to Privacy), one of the questions that the Supreme Court explored was whether the mandatory linking of Aadhaar with bank accounts was constitutional or not.
• Different Purpose: The preference for Aadhaar for the purposes of determining voters is puzzling as Aadhaar is only proof of residence and not proof of citizenship. Therefore, verifying voter identity against this will only help in tackling duplication but will not remove voters who are not citizens of India from the electoral rolls.
• Biometric Errors: The estimate of error rates in biometric-based authentication differs widely. As per the Unique Identification Authority of India in 2018, Aadhaar-based biometric authentication had a 12% error rate. This concern is also reflected in the previous experiences of using Aadhaar to clean electoral rolls. A similar exercise undertaken in 2015 in Andhra and Telangana led to the disenfranchisement of around 30 lakh voters before the Supreme Court stalled the process of linkage.
• Violation of Right to Privacy: The linking of the two databases of electoral rolls and Aadhaar could lead to the linkage of Aadhaar’s “demographic” information with voter ID information and lead to violation of the right to privacy and surveillance measures by the state.

Solutions

Reforms in Legislation: The Government must invite public opinion and allow deeper parliamentary scrutiny before implementing any new provisions.

It is of utmost importance in a Parliamentary democracy like India that not just the ordinary citizens but also the elected representatives are not being deprived of their rights and opportunities. A productive debate raising the concerns and the significance of a proposed bill is essential to identify and eliminate the concerns legislation may pose.

Ensure the Privacy of Citizens: Before pursuing the Aadhaar-voter ID integration, the government shall first go for enacting the Personal Data Protection (PDP) law. The PDP regime must also apply to government entities and require them to obtain an individual's explicit consent before sharing their data across various government institutions.